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| Ronald Reagan |
Born in Tampico, Illinois, on February
6, 1911, Ronald Reagan initially
chose a career in entertainment, appearing in more than 50 films. While in
Hollywood, he served as president of the Screen Actor's Guild and met his
future wife, Nancy (Davis) Reagan. He served two terms as
governor of California. Originally a liberal Democrat, Reagan ran for the U.S.
presidency as a conservative Republican and won two terms, beginning in 1980.
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on
February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, to John Edward "Jack" Reagan
and Nellie Wilson Reagan. His father nicknamed him "Dutch," saying he
resembled "a fat little Dutchman." During Reagen's early childhood,
his family lived in a series of towns, finally settling in Dixon, Illinois, in
1920, where Jack Reagan opened a shoe store. In 1928, Ronald Reagan graduated
from Dixon High School, where he was an athlete and student body president and
performed in school plays. During summer vacations, he worked as a lifeguard in
Dixon.
Enrolling at Eureka College in
Illinois on an athletic scholarship, Reagan majored in economics and sociology.
There, he played football, ran track, captained the swim team, served as
student council president and acted in school productions. After graduating in
1932, he found work as a radio sports announcer in Iowa.
Hollywood Career and Marriages
In 1937, Reagan signed a seven-year
contract with the Warner Brothers movie studio. Over the next three decades, he
appeared in more than 50 films. Among his best-known roles was that of Notre
Dame football star George Gipp in the 1940 biopic Knute Rockne, All American.
Another notable role was in the 1942 film Kings Row, in which Reagan
portrays an accident victim who wakes up to discover his legs have been
amputated and cries out, "Where's the rest of me?"
In 1940, Reagan married actress Jane Wyman, with whom he had daughter
Maureen and adopted a son, Michael. The couple divorced in 1948. During World
War II, Reagan was disqualified from combat duty due to poor eyesight and spent
his time in the Army making training films. He left the military ranked as a
captain.
From 1947 to 1952, Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild. During this time, he met actress Nancy Davis, who had sought his help after she was mistakenly listed as a possible communist sympathizer on the "Hollywood blacklist." Both were immediately attracted to each other, but Reagan was skeptical of marrying again due to his painful divorce from Jane Wyman. Over time, he recognized Nancy as his kindred spirit, and they were married in 1952. The pair had two children, Patricia and Ronald.
As Reagan's film career began to plateau, he landed a job as host of the weekly television drama series The General Electric Theater, in 1954. Part of his responsibility as host was to tour the United States as a public relations representative for General Electric. It was during this time that his political views shifted from liberal to conservative; he led pro-business discussions, speaking out against excessive government regulation and wasteful spending—central themes of his future political career.
Governorship and Presidential
Bid
Reagan stepped into the national
political spotlight in 1964, when he gave a well-received televised speech for
Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, a prominent conservative.
Two years later, in his first race for public office, Reagan defeated
Democratic incumbent Edmund "Pat" Brown Sr. by almost 1 million
votes, winning the California governorship. He was re-elected to a second term
in 1970.
After making unsuccessful bids for the
Republican presidential nomination in 1968 and 1976, Reagan finally received
his party's nod in 1980. In that year's general election, he defeated Democrat
incumbent President Jimmy Carter, winning the Electoral
College (489 to 49) and capturing almost 51 percent of the popular vote. At age
69, Reagan was the oldest person elected to the U.S. presidency.
1981 Inauguration and
Assassination Attempt
In his inaugural speech on January 20,
1981, Reagan rhetorically announced that "government is not the solution
to our problems; government is the problem." He called for an era of
national renewal and hoped that America would again be "a beacon of hope
for those who do not have freedom." He and his wife, Nancy Reagan, ushered in a new era of
glamour to the White House, with designer fashions and a major redecoration of
the executive mansion.
On March 30, 1981, as President Ronald
Reagan was exiting the Washington Hilton Hotel with several of his advisors,
shots rang out and quick-thinking Secret Service agents thrust Reagan into his
limousine. Once in the car, aides discovered that the president had been hit.
His would-be assassin, John Hinckley Jr., also shot three other
people, none of them fatally. At the hospital, doctors determined that the
gunman's bullet had pierced one of the president's lungs and narrowly missed
his heart. Reagan, known for his good-natured humor, later told his wife,
"Honey, I forgot to duck." Within several weeks of the shooting,
President Reagan was back at work.
Domestic Agenda
On the domestic front, President
Reagan advanced policies that reduced social programs and restrictions on
business. Tax cuts were implemented to stimulate the United States' economy. He
also advocated for increases in military spending, reductions in certain social
programs and measures to deregulate business. By 1983, the nation's economy had
begun to recover and, according to many economists, entered a seven-year period
of prosperity. Critics charged that his policies had actually increased the
deficit and hurt the middle class and poor, however. In 1981, Reagan made
history by appointing Sandra Day O'Connor as the first woman to the
U.S. Supreme Court.
Foreign Affairs
The most pressing foreign policy issue
of Ronald Reagan's first term was the Cold War. Dubbing the Soviet Union
"the evil empire," Reagan embarked on a massive build-up of U.S.
weapons and troops. He implemented the "Reagan Doctrine," which
provided aid to anti-communist movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In
1983, he announced the Strategic Defense Initiative, a plan aiming to develop
space-based weapons to protect America from attacks by Soviet nuclear missiles.
In the Middle East, Reagan sent 800
U.S. Marines to Lebanon as part of an international peacekeeping force, in June
1982. Nearly one year later, in October 1983, suicide bombers attacked the
Marine barracks in Beirut, killing 241 Americans. That same month, Reagan
ordered U.S. forces to invade the Caribbean island of Granada after Marxist
rebels overthrew the government. In addition to the problems in Lebanon and
Grenada, the Reagan administration had to deal with an ongoing contentious
relationship between the United States and Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.
During his second term, Reagan forged
a diplomatic relationship with the reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev, chairman of
the Soviet Union. In 1987, the Americans and Soviets signed a historic agreement
to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. That same year, Reagan spoke
at Germany's Berlin Wall, a symbol of communism, and famously challenged
Gorbachev to tear it down. Twenty-nine months later, Gorbachev allowed the
people of Berlin to dismantle the wall, ending Soviet domination of East
Germany. After leaving the White House, Reagan returned to Germany in September
1990—just weeks before Germany was officially reunified—and, with a hammer,
took several symbolic swings at a remaining chunk of the wall.
1984 Re-Election
In November 1984, Ronald Reagan was
re-elected in a landslide, defeating Democratic challenger Walter Mondale. Reagan carried 49 of the 50
U.S. states in the election, and received 525 of 538 electoral votes—the
largest number ever won by an American presidential candidate. His second term
was tarnished by the Iran-Contra affair, a convoluted
"arms-for-hostages" deal with Iran to funnel money toward anti-communist
insurgencies in Central America. Though he initially denied knowing about it,
Reagan later announced that it was a mistake.
Later Years and Death
After leaving the White House in
January 1989, Reagan and wife Nancy returned to their home in Los Angeles,
California. In 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum opened
in Simi Valley, California.
In November 1994, Reagan revealed in a
handwritten letter to the American people that he had recently been diagnosed
with Alzheimer's disease. Nearly a decade later, on June 5, 2004, he died at
his Los Angeles home at age 93, making him the nation's longest-lived president
at that time. (In 2006, Gerald Ford surpassed him for this
title.) A state funeral was held in Washington, D.C., and Reagan was later
buried on the grounds of his presidential library in California.
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