 |
| John F. Kennedy |
Born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline,
Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy
served in both the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate before
becoming the 35th president in 1961. As president, Kennedy faced a number of
foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin, but managed to secure such
achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the Alliance for Progress. On
November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a motorcade in
Dallas, Texas.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on
May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Both the Fitzgeralds and the
Kennedys were wealthy and prominent Irish Catholic Boston families.
Kennedy's paternal grandfather, P.J. Kennedy, was a wealthy banker and liquor
trader, and his maternal grandfather, John E. Fitzgerald, nicknamed "Honey
Fitz," was a skilled politician who served as a congressman and as the
mayor of Boston. Kennedy's mother, Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, was a Boston
debutante, and his father, Joseph Kennedy Sr., was a successful banker who made
a fortune on the stock market after World War I. Joe Kennedy Sr. went on to a
government career as Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and as
an Ambassador to Great Britain.
John F. Kennedy, nicknamed
"Jack," was the second oldest of a group of nine extraordinary
siblings. His brothers and sisters include Eunice Kennedy, the founder of the
Special Olympics, Robert Kennedy,
a U.S. Attorney General and Ted Kennedy, one
of the most powerful senators in American history. The Kennedy children
remained close-knit and supportive of each other throughout their entire lives.
Joseph and Rose Kennedy
largely spurned the world of Boston socialites into which they had been born to
focus instead on their children's education. Joe Kennedy in particular obsessed
over every detail of his kids' lives, a rarity for a father at that time. As a
family friend noted, "Most fathers in those days simply weren't that
interested in what their children did. But Joe Kennedy knew what his kids were
up to all the time." Joe Sr. had great expectations for his children, and
he sought to instill in them a fierce competitive fire and the belief that
winning was everything. He entered his children in swimming and sailing
competitions and chided them for finishing in anything but first place. John F.
Kennedy's sister Eunice later recalled, "I was twenty-four before I knew I
didn't have to win something every day." Jack Kennedy bought into his father's
philosophy that winning was everything. "He hates to lose at
anything," Eunice said. "That's the only thing Jack gets really
emotional about -- when he loses."
Despite his father's constant
reprimands, young Kennedy was a poor student and a mischievous boy. He attended
a Catholic boys' boarding school in Connecticut called Canterbury, where he
excelled at English and history, the subjects he enjoyed, but nearly flunked
Latin, in which he had no interest. Despite his poor grades, Kennedy continued
on to Choate, an elite Connecticut preparatory school.
Although he was obviously brilliant --
evidenced by the extraordinary thoughtfulness and nuance of his work on the
rare occasions when he applied himself -- Kennedy remained at best a mediocre
student, preferring sports, girls and practical jokes to coursework.
His father wrote to him by way of
encouragement, "If I didn't really feel you had the goods I would be most
charitable in my attitude toward your failings ... I am not expecting too much,
and I will not be disappointed if you don't turn out to be a real genius, but I
think you can be a really worthwhile citizen with good judgment and
understanding." Kennedy was in fact very bookish in high school, reading
ceaselessly but not the books his teachers assigned. He was also chronically
ill during his childhood and adolescence; he suffered from severe colds, the
flu, scarlet fever and even more severe, undiagnosed diseases that forced him
to miss months of school at a time and occasionally brought him to the brink of
death.
After graduating from Choate and spending
one semester at Princeton, Kennedy transferred to Harvard University in 1936.
There, he repeated his by then well-established academic pattern, excelling
occasionally in the classes he enjoyed, but proving only an average student due
to the omnipresent diversions of sports and women. Handsome, charming and
blessed with a radiant smile, Kennedy was incredibly popular with his Harvard
classmates. His friend Lem Billings recalled, "Jack was more fun than
anyone I've ever known, and I think most people who knew him felt the same way
about him." Kennedy was also an incorrigible womanizer. He wrote to
Billings during his sophomore year, "I can now get tail as often and as
free as I want which is a step in the right direction."
Nevertheless, as an upperclassman,
Kennedy finally grew serious about his studies and began to realize his
potential. His father had been appointed Ambassador to Great Britain, and on an
extended visit in 1939, Kennedy decided to research and write a senior thesis
on why Britain was so unprepared to fight Germany in World War II. An incisive
analysis of Britain's failures to meet the Nazi challenge, the paper was so
well-received that upon Kennedy's graduation in 1940 it was published as book, Why
England Slept, selling more than 80,000 copies. Kennedy's father sent him a
cablegram in the aftermath of the book's publication: "Two things I always
knew about you one that you are smart two that you are a swell guy love
dad."
Shortly after graduating from Harvard,
Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy and was assigned to command a patrol torpedo boat
in the South Pacific. On August 2, 1943 his boat, PT-109, was rammed by
a Japanese warship and split in two. Two sailors died and Kennedy badly injured
his back. Hauling another wounded sailor by the strap of his life vest, Kennedy
led the survivors to a nearby island, where they were rescued six days later.
The incident earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for "extremely
heroic conduct" and a Purple Heart for the injuries he suffered.
However, Kennedy's older brother,
Joseph Kennedy Jr., who had also joined the Navy, was not so fortunate. A
pilot, he died when his plane blew up in August 1944. Handsome, athletic,
intelligent and ambitious, Joseph Kennedy Jr. had been pegged by his father as
the one among his children who would some day become president of the United
States. In the aftermath of Joe Jr.'s death, John F. Kennedy took his family's
hopes and aspirations for his older brother upon himself.
Upon his discharge from the Navy,
Kennedy worked briefly as reporter for Hearst Newspapers. Then in 1946, at the
age of 29, he decided to run for the U.S. House of Representatives from a
working class district of Boston, a seat being vacated by Democrat James
Michael Curly. Bolstered by his status as a war hero, his family connections
and his father's money, Kennedy won the election handily. However, after the
glory and excitement of publishing his first book and serving in World War II,
Kennedy found his work in Congress incredibly dull. Despite serving three
terms, from 1946 to 1952, Kennedy remained frustrated by what he saw as
stifling rules and procedures that prevented a young, inexperienced
representative from making an impact. "We were just worms in the
House," he later recalled. "Nobody paid attention to us
nationally."
Congressman and Senator
In 1952, seeking greater influence and
a larger platform, Kennedy challenged Republican incumbent Henry Cabot
Lodge for his seat in the U.S. Senate. Once again backed by his father's
vast financial resources, Kennedy hired his younger brother Robert as his
campaign manager. Robert Kennedy
put together what one journalist called "the most methodical, the most
scientific, the most thoroughly detailed, the most intricate, the most
disciplined and smoothly working state-wide campaign in Massachusetts history –
and possibly anywhere else." In an election year in which Republicans
gained control of both Houses of Congress, Kennedy nevertheless won a narrow
victory, giving him considerable clout within the Democratic Party. According
to one of his aides, the decisive factor in Kennedy's victory was his
personality: "He was the new kind of political figure that people were
looking for that year, dignified and gentlemanly and well-educated and
intelligent, without the air of superior condescension."
Shortly after his election, Kennedy
met a beautiful young woman named Jacqueline Bouvier at a dinner party and, in
his own words, "leaned across the asparagus and asked her for a
date." They were married on September 12, 1953. Jack and Jackie
Kennedy had three children: Caroline Kennedy,
John F.
Kennedy Jr. and Patrick Kennedy.
Kennedy continued to suffer frequent
illnesses during his career in the Senate. While recovering from one surgery,
he wrote another book, profiling eight senators who had taken courageous but
unpopular stances. Profiles in Courage won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for
biography, and Kennedy remains the only American president to win a Pulitzer
Prize.
Presidential Candidate and
President
Kennedy's eight-year Senate career was
relatively undistinguished. Bored by the Massachusetts-specific issues on which
he had to spend much of his time, Kennedy was more drawn to the international
challenges posed by the Soviet Union's growing nuclear arsenal and the Cold War
battle for the hearts and minds of Third World nations. In 1956, Kennedy was
very nearly selected as Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson's
running mate, but was ultimately passed over for Estes Kefauver from Tennessee.
Four years later, Kennedy decided to run for president.
In the 1960 Democratic primaries,
Kennedy outmaneuvered his main opponent, Hubert Humphrey, with superior
organization and financial resources. Selecting Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B.
Johnson as his running mate, Kennedy faced Vice President Richard Nixon
in the general election. The election turned largely on a series of televised
national debates in which Kennedy bested Nixon, an experienced and skilled
debater, by appearing relaxed, healthy and vigorous in contrast to his pallid
and tense opponent. On November 8, 1960, Kennedy defeated Nixon by a razor-thin
margin to become the 35th President of the United States of America.
Kennedy's election was historic in
several respects. At the age of 43, he was the second youngest American
president in history, second only to Theodore
Roosevelt, who was elected at 42. He was also the first Catholic president
and the first president born in the 20th century. Delivering his legendary
inaugural address on January 20, 1961, Kennedy sought to inspire all Americans
to more active citizenship. "Ask not what your country can do for
you," he said. "Ask what you can do for your country."
Kennedy's greatest accomplishments
during his brief tenure as president came in the arena of foreign affairs.
Capitalizing on the spirit of activism he had helped to ignite, Kennedy created
the Peace Corps by executive order in 1961. By the end of the century, over
170,000 Peace Corps volunteers would serve in 135 countries. Also in 1961,
Kennedy created the Alliance for Progress to foster greater economic ties with
Latin America, in hopes of alleviating poverty and thwarting the spread of
communism in the region.
Kennedy also presided over a series of
international crises. On April 15, 1961, he authorized a covert mission to
overthrow leftist Cuban leader Fidel Castro
with a group of 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban refugees. Known as the Bay of Pigs
Invasion, the mission proved an unmitigated failure, causing Kennedy great
embarrassment.
In August 1961, to stem massive waves
of emigration from Soviet-dominated East Germany to American ally West Germany
via the divided city of Berlin, Khrushchev ordered the construction of the
Berlin Wall, which became the foremost symbol of the Cold War.
However, the greatest crisis of the
Kennedy administration was the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.
Discovering that the Soviet Union had sent ballistic nuclear missiles to Cuba,
Kennedy blockaded the island and vowed to defend the United States at any cost.
After several of the tensest days in
history, during which the world seemed on the brink of nuclear annihilation,
the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles in return for Kennedy's promise
not to invade Cuba and to remove American missiles from Turkey. Eight months
later, in June 1963, Kennedy successfully negotiated the Limited Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty with Great Britain and the Soviet Union, helping to ease Cold War
tensions. It was one of his proudest accomplishments.
President Kennedy's record on domestic
policy was rather mixed. Taking office in the midst of a recession, he proposed
sweeping income tax cuts, raising the minimum wage and instituting new social
programs to improve education, health care and mass transit. However, hampered
by lukewarm relations with Congress, Kennedy only achieved part of his agenda:
a modest increase in the minimum wage and watered down tax cuts.
The most contentious domestic issue of
Kennedy's presidency was civil rights. Constrained by Southern Democrats in
Congress who remained stridently opposed to civil rights for black citizens,
Kennedy offered only tepid support for civil rights reforms early in his term.
Nevertheless, in September 1962 Kennedy sent his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy,
to Mississippi to use the National Guard and federal marshals to escort and
defend civil rights activist James Meredith
as he became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi
on October 1, 1962. Near the end of 1963, in the wake of the March on
Washington and Martin
Luther King Jr.'s "I Had a Dream" speech, Kennedy finally sent a
civil rights bill to Congress. One of the last acts of his presidency and his
life, Kennedy's bill eventually passed as the landmark Civil Rights Act in
1964.
Assassination
On November 21, 1963, President
Kennedy flew to Dallas, Texas for a campaign appearance. The next day, November
22, Kennedy, along with his wife and Texas governor John Connally, rode through
cheering crowds in downtown Dallas in a Lincoln Continental convertible. From
an upstairs window of the Texas School Book Depository building, a 24-year-old
warehouse worker named Lee Harvey
Oswald, a former Marine with Soviet sympathies, fired upon the car, hitting
the president twice. Kennedy died at Parkland Memorial Hospital shortly
thereafter, at the age of 46.
A Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby
assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald days later while he was being transferred
between jails. The death of President John F. Kennedy was an unspeakable
national tragedy, and to this date many people remember with unsettling
vividness the exact moment they learned of his death. While conspiracy theories
have swirled ever since Kennedy's assassination, the official version of events
remains the most plausible: Oswald acted alone.
Tiada ulasan:
Catat Ulasan