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| Jean Marc Gaspard Itard |
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (April 24, 1774 – July 5, 1838) was a French physician, regarded as being the founder of oto-rhyno-laryngology, also known as Otolaryngology. He is also credited with describing the first case of Tourette's syndrome and inventing the Eustachian catheter (also known the "Itard's catheter"). Itard is noted for his work with deaf-mutes, and was one of the first to attempt the education of mentally retarded children in a systematic fashion. He is especially famous for his work with Victor, the “Wild boy of Aveyron,” a feral child. Itard developed a special program, the first attempt at special education, to try to teach him language and empathy, which he considered the key attributes that separated human beings from animals. Although his work with Victor was not entirely successful, it was useful in advancing our knowledge of the importance of early exposure to language as a form of communication in the development of spoken linguistic skills. While language itself, nor even emotion and empathy, may not be what separates us from animals, Itard's work also contributed to that debate and to the conviction that there are essentially human qualities that are possessed even by those raised without contact with other human beings during their childhood.
Life
Jean Marc Gaspard
Itard was born on April 24, 1774, in Oraison, France,
and grew up with his uncle, a canon at the cathedral
of Riez. He received his education in Riez and Marseilles. Due to the requests
of his father, he started work in banking,
but the job turned out to be too boring for Itard, and he returned to Riez.
When the French Revolution began, Itard was called to join
the army. To avoid being sent to the front lines he presented himself as a
physician, whereupon he became employed as an assistant physician at a military
hospital
in Soliers. His brilliance and personality helped him to quickly acquire basic
knowledge of the medical profession. He ultimately became a military surgeon,
attached to Napoleon's famous surgeon Baron Larrey.
After returning
to Paris
in 1796, Itard started a formal surgical internship.
In 1800 he was appointed Chief Physician at the National Institution for
Deaf-Mutes in Paris. There he became interested in the process of hearing
and study of the ear and its diseases.
In the early
1800s Itard became involved with a feral child, known as "The Wild Boy of
Aveyron," work which would bring him international fame. This work was
subsidized by the French government. Itard spent five years trying to teach the
boy, later named "Victor," to read, write, and talk. Itard published
two works on this case, in 1802 and 1806. Victor slightly improved, but never
reached normal human functioning. Finally, Itard returned to his work in
otology.
In 1816, Itard
served as co-editor of the Journal Universel des Sciences Médicales in
Paris, and in 1822 as the editor of the Revue Médical. From 1832 he
served as editor of the Dictionnaire de médecine ou répertoire générale des
sciences médicales sous le rapport théorique et pratique. In 1821 he
published his seminal work, Traité des maladies d'oreille et de l'audition.
Itard died on
July 5, 1838, in Paris. In his will he left the Paris institute for the deaf
and mute 160.000 francs, which was a substantial amount of money. He instituted
a prize to be awarded every three years at the Academy of Medicine for the best
work in practical medicine or therapy.
Work
Itard was a
prominent otologist. In his career he invented and improved several surgical
instruments and techniques. He designed the Eustachian catheter, which is often
referred to as "Itard’s catheter." He also constructed hearing aids
for people with impaired hearing.
In 1821 he published his seminal work Traité des maladies d'oreille et de
l'audition, which became one of the greatest books on the diseases
of the ear.
He also designed several methods for educating and treating the deaf. He was
also the first who described the condition known as the Syndrome of Tourette,
observed in a French noble woman of 86 years of age.
Itard however
remains most famous for his work on the case of the "Wild Boy of
Aveyron," which brought him international fame.
Case of Victor of Aveyron
Victor of Aveyron
(also known as the "Wild Boy of Aveyron") was a boy who had
apparently lived his entire childhood alone in the woods before being found
wandering near Saint Sernin sur Rance, (near Toulouse) France
in 1797. He was captured, but soon escaped. He was then captured again and kept
in the care of a local woman for about a week before he escaped once more.
However, on
January 8, 1800, he emerged from the forests on his own, perhaps habituated to
human kindness after his second experience. His age was unknown but citizens of
the village estimated that he was about twelve years old. His lack of speech,
as well as his food preferences and the numerous scars on his body, indicated
that he had been in the wild for the majority of his life. This remarkable
situation came about at the end of the Enlightenment, when many were debating
what exactly distinguished the human
being from the animal. One of the prevailing opinions involved the ability to
learn language; it was hoped that by studying the wild boy, they would learn
the answer.
Despite the fact
that he could hear, Victor was taken to the National Institute of
the Deaf for the purpose of study. There, Itard took on the remarkable case as
his own. Itard believed that two things separated humans from animals: empathy
and language. He wanted to be the first person to fully civilize a wild child and attempted, primarily, to teach
Victor to speak and show human emotion. He designed an educational
plan for Victor:
To interest him
in social life
To improve his
awareness of external stimuli
To extend the
range of his ideas
To teach him to
speak
To teach him to
communicate by using symbol systems
This program can
be regarded as the first Individual Educational Plan (IEP) in special education.
Though initially
successful—Victor showed significant progress, at least, in understanding
language and reading simple words—he eventually slowed down to the point that
Itard abandoned the experiment. The only words that Victor ever actually
learned to speak were lait (milk) and Oh Dieu (oh God). Modern
scholars now believe, partly by studying such feral children, that language
acquisition must take place in a critical period of early childhood if it is to
be successful.
Though Itard
failed at teaching Victor language, he had a breakthrough in the realm of the
emotions. Victor lived with Itard and his housekeeper Madame Garhar. One night
while setting the table, Victor noticed Madame Gerhar crying over the loss of
her husband. He stopped what he was doing and consoled her, thus showing
empathy. Itard took this as a major breakthrough in the case, proving that the
wild child was capable of human emotions. Itard concluded:
If we consider
human intelligence at the period of earliest childhood man does not yet appear
to rise above the level of the other animals. All his intellectual faculties
are strictly confined to the narrow circle of his physical needs. It is upon
himself alone that the operations of his mind are exercised. Education must
then seize them and apply them to his instruction, that is to say to a new
order of things which has no connection with his first needs. Such is the
source of all knowledge, all mental progress, and the creations of the most
sublime genius. Whatever degree of probability there may be in this idea, I
only repeat it here as the point of departure on the path towards realization
of this last aim (Itard 1801).
Legacy
Itard’s medical
research on the ear and the diseases
of the ear made him one of the founders of otolaryngology. Related to this was
his work on the education of deaf mutes, for the continuation of which he
bequeathed a sizable amount of money.
Even though
Itard’s work with Victor, the feral child, had limited success, he proved that
children with mental disabilities could make some degree of improvement. Itard
is thus regarded as the founder of special education. A student of Itard’s, Edouard Seguin, immigrated to the United States in 1848, and became known as the
teacher of "idiotic" children. Seguin’s student was Maria Montessori, who became one of the greatest
educators of the twentieth century.
Victor of Aveyron (also The Wild Boy of
Aveyron) was a feral child who apparently lived his entire childhood naked
and alone in the woods before being found wandering the woods near Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance, France,
in 1797. He was captured, but soon escaped, after being displayed in the town.
He was additionally periodically spotted in 1798 and 1799.
However, on January 8, 1800, he
emerged from the forests on his own. His age was unknown but citizens of the
village estimated that he was about twelve years old. His lack of speech, as
well as his food preferences and the numerous scars on his body, indicated that
he had been in the wild for the majority of his life. While the townspeople
received him kindly, it was only a matter of time before word spread and the
boy was quickly taken for examination and documentation.
Study
Shortly after Victor was found, a local abbot and biology professor, Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre, examined him. He
removed the boy's clothing and led him outside into the snow, where, far from
being upset, Victor began to frolic about in the nude,
showing Bonnaterre that he was clearly accustomed to exposure and cold. The
local government commissioner, Constans-Saint-Esteve,
also observed the boy and wrote that there was "something extraordinary in
his behavior, which makes him seem close to the state of wild animals".[1]
The boy was eventually taken to Rodez, where two men, in fact, traveled to
discover whether or not he was their missing child. Both men had lost their
sons during the French Revolution, but neither claimed the boy
as their son. There were other rumors regarding the boy's origins. For example,
one rumor insisted that the boy was the illegitimate son of a notaire
abandoned at a young age because he was mute. Itard believed that Victor had
"lived in an absolute solitude from his fourth or fifth almost to his
twelfth year, which is the age he may have been when he was taken in the Caune
woods." That means he presumably lived for seven years in the wilderness.
It was clear that Victor could hear,
but he was taken to the National Institute
of the Deaf in Paris for the purpose of being studied by the
renowned Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard. Sicard and
other members of the Society of
Observers of Man believed that by studying, as well as educating the
boy, they would gain the proof they needed for the recently popularized
empiricist theory of knowledge. In the context of the
Enlightenment, when many were debating what exactly distinguished
man from animal, one of the most significant factors was the ability to learn language.
By studying the boy, they would also be able to explain the relationship
between man and society.
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