Georg Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel Biography
Georg Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel was born on August 27, 1770, in Stuttgart, Germany. He studied
philosophy and classics at Tübingen. After graduation he became a tutor and an
editor and explored theology. His first published success was Phänomenologie des
Geistes (The Phenomenology of Spirit) in 1807. Hegel taught at Heidelberg and Berlin,
publishing work on dialectical thinking and theories of totality. He died of
cholera in 1831.
Georg Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel, known to friends and family as Wilhelm, was born on August 27,
1770, in Stuttgart, Germany. He was the eldest of three children born to Georg
Ludwig, who worked for the civil service, and Maria Magdalena, the daughter of
a high-ranking lawyer at the Württemberg court. His mother taught Wilhelm Latin
declensions before he started Latin school at age 5, after attending the German
school at age 3. Although she died of a fever when Wilhelm was in his early
teens (he and his father narrowly escaped the same fate), she instilled in him
a love of learning, and he avidly absorbed the writings of Enlightenment
philosophers.
After studying at the elite Gymnasium Illustre preparatory school in Stuttgart, he went on to study at the seminary school art the University of Tübinge, because his father was urging him to join the clergy. But friendships forged with other students, such as his roommate Friedrich W.J. von Schelling, sparked Hegel's interest in forming his own philosophy, which subverted the prevailing influence of Aristotle and of other popular philosophies. When Hegel graduated, he instead became a private tutor.
After studying at the elite Gymnasium Illustre preparatory school in Stuttgart, he went on to study at the seminary school art the University of Tübinge, because his father was urging him to join the clergy. But friendships forged with other students, such as his roommate Friedrich W.J. von Schelling, sparked Hegel's interest in forming his own philosophy, which subverted the prevailing influence of Aristotle and of other popular philosophies. When Hegel graduated, he instead became a private tutor.
When Hegel's
father died just before 1800, leaving him a small inheritance, Hegel was able
to concentrate more fully on his system of philosophy, which had begun with
religious and social themes, but began to move more toward educational reform.
Building onImmanuel Kant's transcendental idealism and Rousseau's
politics, Hegel developed an elaborate system of philosophy incorporating
history, ethics, government and religion, and began publishing his
philosophical treatises, while working as an unpaid university lecturer along
with his old college friends.
Ultimately Hegel's philosophy rejected Kant's and other popular theories as too restrictive. He developed what is called dialectical thinking, as laid out in his first major work, The Phenomenology of Spirit, which was intended to be part one of his comprehensive scientific system, but was so big that it could only serve as an introduction.
Unlike Aristotle's philosophy, Hegelianism is not a "method" or set of principles, but experiential, with experiences becoming data points in forming the whole. It holds that reality is unfolding, like the chambers of a shell, and that "the rational alone is real." Hegel eschewed Absolute Mind (or Spirit) as a vantage point, in favor of the common, everyday state of mind, whereby a series of moments makes up the whole, defined as "totality."
Hegel said, perhaps hubristically, "...in writing that book I became aware of employing a new and unprecedented way of thinking." But he clarified his system by likening it to grammar: "You only really see the rewards when you later come to observe language in use and you grasp what it is that makes the language of poetry so evocative." His structure for this logic was an incorporation of thesis and antithesis into synthesis—nothing is negated; it all works together to form the whole.
Ultimately Hegel's philosophy rejected Kant's and other popular theories as too restrictive. He developed what is called dialectical thinking, as laid out in his first major work, The Phenomenology of Spirit, which was intended to be part one of his comprehensive scientific system, but was so big that it could only serve as an introduction.
Unlike Aristotle's philosophy, Hegelianism is not a "method" or set of principles, but experiential, with experiences becoming data points in forming the whole. It holds that reality is unfolding, like the chambers of a shell, and that "the rational alone is real." Hegel eschewed Absolute Mind (or Spirit) as a vantage point, in favor of the common, everyday state of mind, whereby a series of moments makes up the whole, defined as "totality."
Hegel said, perhaps hubristically, "...in writing that book I became aware of employing a new and unprecedented way of thinking." But he clarified his system by likening it to grammar: "You only really see the rewards when you later come to observe language in use and you grasp what it is that makes the language of poetry so evocative." His structure for this logic was an incorporation of thesis and antithesis into synthesis—nothing is negated; it all works together to form the whole.
From 1808 to 1815
Hegel taught philosophy and served as headmaster at a school in Nuremberg after
working briefly as a newspaper editor, a job he disliked. During this time,
when Hegel was around 40, he married Marie von Tucher. They went on to have
three children together: a daughter who died in infancy, and sons Karl and
Immanuel. Earlier, Hegel had fathered an illegitimate son, Ludwig. His sister
Christiane, who had been deeply distressed by his marriage, offered
opportunity for Hegel's study of psychosis.
In 1816, Hegel became chair of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg and published theEncyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, which brought him acclaim and advanced him to the position of chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin.
In 1816, Hegel became chair of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg and published theEncyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, which brought him acclaim and advanced him to the position of chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin.
Hegel died in
Berlin on November 14, 1831, during an outbreak of cholera. In 1820 he had
published Elements of the Philosophy of Right, but many
of his lectures and other works were published after his death. His sister,
distraught over his death, committed suicide three months later.
Hegel is considered the last of the great philosophical-system builders of modern times, but his philosophies quickly became politicized, set in opposition to champions of individualism such asSøren Kierkegaard and Arthur Schopenhauer. Karl Marx and extremists on the Fascist-to-Communist spectrum inverted Hegelianism so that the rational whole being greater than the sum of its parts became a justification for authoritarian creeds.
Hegel is considered the last of the great philosophical-system builders of modern times, but his philosophies quickly became politicized, set in opposition to champions of individualism such asSøren Kierkegaard and Arthur Schopenhauer. Karl Marx and extremists on the Fascist-to-Communist spectrum inverted Hegelianism so that the rational whole being greater than the sum of its parts became a justification for authoritarian creeds.
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